Neurodevelopmental and behavioral manifestations of lead toxicity in children
Keywords:
lead toxicity, lead exposure, lead poisoning, blood lead levelsAbstract
Lead in any form is harmful for the human body. It is dispersed into the environment through battery manufacturing, foundry, ammunition, lead paint, water pipes and other manmade products. It can enter the body through various pathways such as, air, water, soil, food, and dust. Concern arises, as no amount of lead is safe for the human body. The detrimental effect is higher when children get exposed, as it can interfere with the neonatal neurobehavioral development, and can also lead to low IQ, low birth weight, and fetal death. This review assesses the risk factors of lead toxicity in children, trends in childhood lead poisoning, pediatric burden in low-income countries, and its prevention, intervention, and management in children.
Downloads
References
Center for disease control and prevention (2015. May 29). Lead Sources. Retrieved online from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/sources.htm
Vorvolakos T, Arseniou S, Samakouri M. (2016, September). There is no safe threshold for lead exposure: Α literature review. Retrieved online from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27837574
World Health Organization (2010). Childhood Lead Poisoning. Retrieved online from www.who.int/ceh/publications/leadguidance.pdf
Lanphear et al, (July 2005). Research Children’s Health. Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis. Retrieved online from https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8000911/1257652.pdf?sequence=1
Gomaa et al. (July 2002). Maternal bone lead as an independent risk factor for fetal neurotoxicity: a prospective study. Retrieved online from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12093955
Valerie B Haley and Thomas O Talbot. (June 4, 2004). Seasonality and trend in blood lead levels of New York State children. Retrieved online from https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2431-4-8
Sergio Piomelli (2002). The Pediatric Clinics of North America. Childhood lead poisoning. Retrieved online from http://ac.els-cdn.com.proxy.cc.uic.edu/S0031395502000974/1-s2.0-S0031395502000974-main.pdf?_tid=7beba990-2d4d-11e7-a2cf-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1493519827_429b9353f37e989127c73ddbe83010cd
President’s Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children (November 2016). Key Federal Programs to Reduce Childhood Lead Exposures and Eliminate Associated Health Impacts. Retrieved online from https://ptfceh.niehs.nih.gov/features/assets/files/key_federal_programs_to_reduce_childhood_lead_exposures_and_eliminate_associated_health_impactspresidents_508.pdf
Dr. Herbert L. Needleman (1999) HISTORY OF LEAD POISONING IN THE WORLD. Retrieved online from http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/get_the_lead_out/pdfs/health/Needleman_1999.pdf
Child Trends. (1997-2015) Lead Poisoning. Retrieved online from https://www.childtrends.org/indicators/lead-poisoning/
Marc Edwards (2013). Environmental Science and Technology. Fetal Death and low Birth Weight associated with lead contaminated drinking water. Retrieved online from http://pubs.acs.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/doi/abs/10.1021/es4034952
Blackowicz et al (2016) The Impact of Low-Level Lead Toxicity on School Performance among Hispanic Subgroups in the Chicago Public Schools. Retrieved online from http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/8/774/htm
Ren L.H. et al (2016) Prenatal lead exposure related to cord blood brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and impaired neonatal neurobehavioral development Retrieved online from http://zhyfyxzz.yiigle.com/CN112150201606/893800.htm?locale=zh_CN
Mabrouk et al (2016, June 23). Protective effect of thymoquinone against lead-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Retrieved online from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26971798
Chatham-Stephens K, Caravanos J, Ericson B, Landrigan P, Fuller R. (2015, May 21). The pediatric burden of disease from lead exposure at toxic waste sites in low and middle income countries. Retrieved online from http://ac.els-cdn.com.proxy.cc.uic.edu/S0013935114001091/1-s2.0-S0013935114001091-main.pdf?_tid=5665c6e4-311a-11e7-aef1-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1493937664_f3ad256afd3b2eeb0d9a2fb060d4a350
Ipsita Mazumdar and K. Goswami (2014, April 29). Congenital Lead Poisoning: An Unusual Presentation. Retrieved online from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990800/
Iraj Salehi et al (2015, February). Protective Effect of Vitamin E Against Lead-induced Memory and Learning Impairment in Male Rats. Retrieved online from http://avicennajnpp.com/27267.fulltext
Saeedeh Alsadat Moosavirad, Mohammad Rabbani, Mohammad Sharifzadeh, and Ali Hosseini-Sharifabad (2016, October, 11). Protective effect of vitamin C, vitamin B12 and omega-3 on lead-induced memory impairment in rat. Retrieved online from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5122828/
Chellu S. Chettya, , , Mohan C. Vemurib, Gottipolu R. Reddyc, Challa Sureshd (2007, March). Protective effect of 17-β-estradiol in human neurocellular models of lead exposure. Retrieved online from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161813X06000817 Poison Control. National Capital Poison Center (2012-2017). Unusual Sources of Lead Poisoning. Retrieved Online from http://www.poison.org/articles/2011-dec/unusual-sources-of-lead-poisoning
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children: Chapter 4. (1991, October 1). Retrieved online from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/books/plpyc/Chapter4.htm#Screening
Committee on Environmental Health. Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management (October 2005). VOLUME 116 / ISSUE 4. Retrieved online from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/116/4/1036
Dr. Victoria Persky (2017) Lead Exposures. Retrieved online from https://uic.blackboard.com/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_115634_1&content_id=_5074973_1&mode=reset
Raymond et al (2014, September 12) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Lead Screening and Prevalence of Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 1–2 Years — Child Blood Lead Surveillance System, United States, 2002–2010 and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999–2010. Retrieved online from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6302a6.htm
D Kurtin, B L Therrell, Jr, and P Patterson (1997, January). Demographic risk factors associated with elevated lead levels in Texas children covered by Medicaid. Retrieved online from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1469831/
Minnesota Department of Health (2014). Risk factors for childhood lead exposure: facts & figures. Retrieved online from https://apps.health.state.mn.us/mndata/lead_risk
World Health Organization (2010) Childhood Lead Poisoning. Retrieved online from www.who.int/ceh/publications/leadguidance.pdf
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
