Manifestations of EBV infection in children
Keywords:
children, EBV, infectious mononucleosis, Cornea, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathyAbstract
The Epstein-Bar virus (EBV), is one of the most common viruses in humans. It was discovered in 1964, by electron microscopy, in the cultured cells from Burkitt Lymphoma. The primary EBV infection frequently presents as infectious mononucleosis, a clinical syndrome characterized by fever, sore throat, swollen posterior cervical lymph nodes, and fatigue. This study was conducted to explore characteristics of EBV infection children. In this sample of 107 hospitalized children, which resulted with primary EBV infection, the most common symptoms and signs were fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy. The most affected age was 2-6 years old, and 40% of children presented with infectious mononucleosis. EBV infection in children often presents with symptoms which are indistinguishable from other childhood infections.
Downloads
References
Cots, J. M., Alós, J. I., Bárcena, M., Boleda, X., Cañada, J. L., Gomez, N., ... & Llor, C. (2015). Recommendations for management of acute pharyngitis in adults. Acta Otorrinolaringologica (English Edition), 66(3), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otoeng.2015.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otoeng.2015.05.003
Crawford, D. H., Macsween, K. F., Higgins, C. D., Thomas, R., McAulay, K., Williams, H., ... & Swerdlow, A. J. (2006). A cohort study among university students: identification of risk factors for Epstein-Barr virus seroconversion and infectious mononucleosis. Clinical infectious diseases, 43(3), 276-282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/505400
Dowd, J. B., Palermo, T., Brite, J., McDade, T. W., & Aiello, A. (2013). Seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr virus infection in US children ages 6-19, 2003-2010. PloS one, 8(5), e64921. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064921
Dunmire, S. K., Verghese, P. S., & Balfour Jr, H. H. (2018). Primary epstein-barr virus infection. Journal of Clinical Virology, 102, 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2018.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2018.03.001
Ebrahimi, B., Dutia, B. M., Brownstein, D. G., & Nash, A. A. (2001). Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 infection causes multi-organ fibrosis and alters leukocyte trafficking in interferon-γ receptor knockout mice. The American journal of pathology, 158(6), 2117-2125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64683-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64683-4
Epstein, M. A., Achong, B. G., & Barr, Y. M. (1964). Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. The Lancet, 283(7335), 702-703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91524-7
Epstein, M. A., Henle, G., Achong, B. G., & Barr, Y. M. (1965). Morphological and biological studies on a virus in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. The Journal of experimental medicine, 121(5), 761-770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.121.5.761
Foss, H. D., Herbst, H., Hummel, M., Araujo, I., Latza, U., Rancsò, C., ... & Stein, H. (1994). Patterns of cytokine gene expression in infectious mononucleosis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V83.3.707.bloodjournal833707
Henle, G., Henle, W., & Diehl, V. (1968). Relation of Burkitt's tumor-associated herpes-ytpe virus to infectious mononucleosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 59(1), 94-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.59.1.94
Hislop, A. D., Taylor, G. S., Sauce, D., & Rickinson, A. B. (2007). Cellular responses to viral infection in humans: lessons from Epstein-Barr virus. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 25(1), 587-617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141553
Kieff, E., & Rickinson, A. B. (2007). Epstein-Barr virus and its replication, p. 2603-2654. In D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley, D. E. Griffin, R. A. Lamb, M. M. Martin, B. Roizman, and S. E. Straus (ed.), Fields virology, 5th ed., vol. II. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
Lanier, L. L. (2008). Evolutionary struggles between NK cells and viruses. Nature Reviews Immunology, 8(4), 259-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2276
Lee, K. S., Groshong, S. D., Cool, C. D., Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B. K., & van Dyk, L. F. (2009). Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection of IFNγ unresponsive mice: a small animal model for gammaherpesvirus-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disease. Cancer research, 69(13), 5481-5489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0291
Miller G. (2006). "Epstein–Barr Virus". New England Journal of Medicine (book review). 355 (25): 2708–2709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMbkrev39523
Münz, C., Lünemann, J. D., Getts, M. T., & Miller, S. D. (2009). Antiviral immune responses: triggers of or triggered by autoimmunity?. Nature Reviews Immunology, 9(4), 246-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2527
Odumade, O. A., Hogquist, K. A., & Balfour Jr, H. H. (2011). Progress and problems in understanding and managing primary Epstein-Barr virus infections. Clinical microbiology reviews, 24(1), 193-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00044-10
Schiller, J. H. (1990). Biological and clinical effects of the combination of β-and γ-interferons administrated as a 5-day continuous infusion. Cancer Res, 50, 4588-4594.
Tomkinson, B. E., Wagner, D. K., Nelson, D. L., & Sullivan, J. L. (1987). Activated lymphocytes during acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950), 139(11), 3802-3807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.139.11.3802
Wemel, A. C., Mayet, A., Bellier, S., Bigaillon, C., Rapp, C., & Ficko, C. (2017). Severe infectious mononucleosis in immunocompetent adults. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 47(8), 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2017.09.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2017.09.009
Williams, H., McAulay, K., Macsween, K. F., Gallacher, N. J., Higgins, C. D., Harrison, N., ... & Crawford, D. H. (2005). The immune response to primary EBV infection: a role for natural killer cells. British journal of haematology, 129(2), 266-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05452.x
Zhang, Y., Wallace, D. L., De Lara, C. M., Ghattas, H., Asquith, B., Worth, A., ... & Macallan, D. C. (2007). In vivo kinetics of human natural killer cells: the effects of ageing and acute and chronic viral infection. Immunology, 121(2), 258-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02573.x
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
