Applications of Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics Evaluation techniques in cancer diagnosis: A review
Keywords:
cytogenetics, cytogenomics, cancer diagnosis, karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization, next-generation sequencing, tumor heterogeneity, precision oncologyAbstract
Background: Cytogenetics and cytogenomics have revolutionized cancer diagnosis by revealing the underlying genetic alterations that characterize malignancies. The identification of chromosomal rearrangements, mutations, and DNA dosage abnormalities in cancer cells has enhanced our understanding of cancer as a genomic disease, enabling the detection of residual disease and improving patient prognosis. Aim: This review aims to explore the application of cytogenetic and cytogenomic evaluation techniques in cancer diagnostics. Methods: Through a detailed examination of traditional cytogenetic methods like karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), along with advanced genomic tools such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-cell technologies, the review highlights their respective contributions to precision oncology. Findings: It also discusses the challenges posed by tumor heterogeneity and the need for individualized treatment approaches. The integration of cytogenetic and cytogenomic techniques provides critical insights into cancer heterogeneity, clonal evolution, and the identification of therapeutic targets, facilitating early diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment plans. Conclusion: The advancement of high-throughput technologies has further accelerated the discovery of novel biomarkers, enhancing the precision of cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies.
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