Effect of serum lead on salivary visfatin levels in periodontitis patients using smoke or smokeless form of tobacco

Harshada Tukaram Zagade; A. Siddhartha Varma; Girish  Suragimath; Sameer Zope; Apurva Kale; Vaishali Mashalkar

doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6nS3.6523

Authors

Harshada Tukaram Zagade Post graduate student, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences “Deemed to be University” Karad, Maharashtra, Pin Code: 415110 India
A. Siddhartha Varma M.D.S, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences “Deemed to be University” Karad, Maharashtra, Pin Code: 415110 India
Girish Suragimath M.D.S, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences “Deemed to be University” Karad, Maharashtra, Pin Code: 415110 India
Sameer Zope M.D.S, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences “Deemed to be University” Karad, Maharashtra, Pin Code: 415110 India
Apurva Kale M.D.S, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences “Deemed to be University” Karad, Maharashtra, Pin Code: 415110 India
Vaishali Mashalkar M.D.S, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences “Deemed to be University” Karad, Maharashtra, Pin Code: 415110 India

Keywords:

Biomarkers, Lead (Pb), Oxidative stress, Periodontitis, Tobacco, Visfatin

Abstract

To evaluate effect of serum lead on salivary visfatin levels in periodontitis patients using smoke and smokeless form of tobacco. A total of 60 male patients with generalized periodontitis stage II grade B and Grade C were selected for the study. Patients aged 30–65 years were assigned into two groups (30 subjects – Smoking tobacco group, 30 subjects – Smokeless tobacco group). Saliva samples were collected for analyses of visfatin and blood samples were collected for serum lead level analysis. Quantitative variables were compared using mean values and qualitative variables using proportions. There was statistically significant difference with (p value =0.025) mean increase in Probing pocket depth scores and (p value =0.017) in mean increase in Clinical attachment loss scores among Smokeless form of tobacco users. Mean serum Lead level was significantly high among smoke form (0.0107 + 0.007). Mean salivary visfatin level was significantly high among smoke form group (2.588±1.64). A significant correlation was found between serum Lead and Visfatin among smokeless form of tobacco users. Mean serum lead and salivary visfatin levels were statistically highly significant among the smoke form of tobacco group.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Shaddox LM, Morford LA, Nibali L. Periodontal health and disease: The contribution of genetics. Periodontol 2000 2021;85:161–81.

Page RC. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J. Periodont. Res 1991;26:230–42.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US); Office on Smoking and Health (US). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2010. PMID: 21452462.

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. The Health Consequences of Smoking. United States of America: Office on Smoking and Health, 2004 Surgeon General’s report. URL: http:// www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2004/pdfs/executive summary.pdf. Accessed March 2009

Numan AT, Al-Joda AM, Jawad NK. Relationship between serum visfatin and obesity in lead-exposed obese subjects and patients with osteoarthritis. Health 2016;08:318–24

Bayani M, Pourali M, Keivan M. Possible interaction between visfatin, periodontal infection, and other systemic diseases: A brief review of literature. Eur J Dent 2017;11:407–10

Türer, Ç. C., Balli, U., Güven, B., Çetinkaya, B. Ö., & Keleş, G. Ç. Visfatin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and serum before and after non-surgical treatment for periodontal diseases. J. Oral Sci 2016;58:491–99. doi:10.2334/josnusd.16-0116

Agrawal S, Flora G, Bhatnagar P, Flora SJS. Comparative oxidative stress, metallothionein induction and organ toxicity following chronic exposure to arsenic, lead and mercury in rats. Cell Mol Biol 2014;60:13–21.

Keshani F, Tabari Z, Sharbatdaran M, Banishahabadi A, Nejatifard M, Ghorbani H. et.al. Visfatin expression in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis patients: An immunohistochemical analysis. Dent Res J 2018;15:104-10.

Chhabra, A., Hussain, S. & Rashid, S. Recent trends of tobacco use in India. J Public Health (Berl.)2021;29: 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-019-01091-3

Katuri KK, Alluri JK, Chintagunta C, Tadiboina N, Borugadda R, Loya M, et al. Assessment of periodontal health status in smokers and smokeless tobacco users: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;10: ZC143–6.

Petrovic M, Kesic L, Obradovic R. Comparative analysis of smoking influence on periodontal tissue in subjects with periodontal disease. Mater Sociomed. 2013;25:196-8.

Devi VB, Leelavathi L. Comparative Evaluation of Gingival, Periodontal and Plaque Status in Smokers and Smokeless Tobacco Users. Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Commun 2020;13:167-74.

Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Relationship of cigarette smoking to attachment level profiles. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28: 283–95.

Kumar PS, Leys EJ, Bryk JM, Martinez FJ, Moeschberger ML, Griffen AL. et. al. Changes in periodontal health status are associated with bacterial community shifts as assessed by quantitative 16S cloning and sequencing. J Clin Micro- boil 2006;44: 3665–73.

Shchipkova AY, Nagaraja HN, Kumar PS. Subgingival Mi- crobial Profiles of Smokers with Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2010;89:1247–53.

Singh GP, Rizvi I, Gupta V, Bains VK. Influence of smokeless tobacco on periodontal health status in local population of north India: A cross-sectional study. Dent Res J 2011;8:211–20.

Kamath KP, Mishra S, Anand PS. Smokeless tobacco use as a risk factor for periodontal disease. Front Public Health 2014;2:195.

Rostron, BL, Chang CM, Van Bemmel DM, Xia Y, Blount BC. “Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure among U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results from 1999 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data.” Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention: a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the ASPO 2015:24:1829-37. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0376

Shukla AK, Khaitan T, Gupta P, Naik SR. Smokeless tobacco and its adverse effects on haematological parameters: A cross-sectional study. Adv Prev Med 2019:3182946. doi: 10.1155/2019/3182946. PMID: 31057975; PMCID: PMC6463681.

World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation, World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation: Report on the scientific basis of tobacco product regulation, fourth report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2012;967:1-83, 1 p following 83. PMID: 22953380.

Velidandla S, Bodduru R, Birra V, Jain Y, Valluri R, Ealla KKR. et. al. Distribution of periodontal pockets among smokers and nonsmokers in patients with chronic periodontitis: A cross-sectional study. Cureus 2019;11:e5586.

Hu H, Payton M, Korrick S, Aro A, Sparrow D, Weiss ST, Rotnitzky A. et. al. Determinants of bone and blood lead levels among community-exposed middle-aged to elderly men: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:749–59.

Kim Y, Lee B-K. Association between blood lead and mercury levels and periodontitis in the Korean general population: analysis of the 2008-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013;86:607–13

Dye BA, Hirsch R, Brody DJ. The relationship between blood lead levels and periodontal bone loss in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110:997– 1002

Offenbacher S. Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis. Ann Periodontol. 1996;1:821-78. doi: 10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.821. PMID: 9118282

Pardo IMCG, Geloneze B, Tambascia MA, Barros AA. Inverse relationship between cord blood adiponectin concentrations and the number of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005;7:144–7.

López-Bermejo A, de Zegher F, Díaz-Silva M, Vicente MP, Valls C, Ibáñez L.et. al. Cord serum visfatin at term birth: maternal smoking unmasks the relation to foetal growth. Clin Endocrinol 2008;68:77–81.

Chełchowska M, Ambroszkiewicz J, Gajewska J, Rowicka G, Maciejewski TM, Mazur J. et. al. Cord blood adiponectin and visfatin concentrations in relation to oxidative stress markers in neonates exposed and nonexposed in utero to tobacco smoke. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:4569108.

Shaik FB, Nagajothi G, Swarnalatha K, Kumar CS, Rajendra W, Maddu N. Correlation between smokeless tobacco (Gutkha) and biomarkers of oxidative stress in plasma with cardiovascular effects. Heliyon 2021;7:e05487. Published 2021 Feb 12. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05487

Romacho T, Villalobos LA, Cercas E, Carraro R, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Peiró C. et. al. Visfatin as a novel mediator released by inflamed human endothelial cells. PLoS One 2013;8:e78283. Published 2013 Oct 10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078283

Paul R, Suresh S, Sudhakar U, Jean C, Fernandez KJ. Evaluation of association between Porphyromonas gingivalis and visfatin levels in chronic periodontitis patients. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020;24:530-4. doi:10.4103/jisp.jisp_641_19

Marseglia L, D’Angelo G, Manti M, Aversa S, Fiamingo C, Arrigo T, et al. Visfatin: New marker of oxidative stress in preterm newborns. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016;29:23–9.

Ambati M, Rani KR, Reddy PV, Suryaprasanna J, Dasari R, Gireddy H. et. al. Evaluation of oxidative stress in chronic periodontitis patients following systemic antioxidant supplementation: A clinical and biochemical study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2017;8:99–103

Zaki ME, Kamal S, Youness E, Shalabi T, Hussein J, Reyad H, et al. Association between serum visfatin, oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic syndrome in obese premenopausal women. J Clin Diagn Res 2019;13:10-14 [Internet] 2019; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2019/37783.12652

Wang Y, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Periodontitis. Front Physiol 2017;8:910. Published 2017 Nov 13. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00910